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FRrtNZ  and  HAMILTON 

THE  EFECTS  OF  EXER- 
CISE UPON  THE  RETAR- 
DATION IN  CONDinONS 
OF  DEPRESSION 


1 


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THE  EFFECTS  OF  EXERCISE  UPON  THE  RETARDA- 
TION IN  CONDITIONS  OF  DEPRESSION. 


By  shepherd  IVORY  FRANZ,  Ph.  D.,  and  G.  V.  HAMILTON,  M.  D. 

(From  the  Laboratory  of  Pathological  Physiology  of  the  McLean  Hospital, 
Waverley,  Mass.) 


Reprinted  from 

AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OP  INSANITY 

Vol.  LXII,  No.  2,  October,  1905 


-{    i 


2iH6u 


THE  EFFECTS  OF  EXERCISE  UPON  THE  RETARDA- 
TION IN  CONDITIONS  OF  DEPRESSION. 
By  shepherd  IVORY  FRANZ,  Ph.  D.,  and  G.  V.  HAMILTON,  M.  D. 

(From  the  Laboratory  of  Pathological  Physiology  of  the  McLean  Hospital, 
Waver  ley,  Mass.) 

The  present  paper  deals  with  a  small  part  of  a  research  upon 
the  physiological  and  psychological  conditions  in  cases  of  retarda- 
tion/ An  attempt  has  been  made  to  determine  how  much,  if 
any,  betterment  this  class  of  patients  undergoes  with  exercise,  both 
active  and  passive.  The  condition  of  retardation,  and  of  the 
"  feeling  of  inadequacy,"  which  is  very  closely  allied  to  retarda- 
tion, we  believe  is  one  of  lowered  irritability,  and  any  method  that 
will  help  to  bring  the  general  irritability  back  to  a  more  normal 
condition  will  be  of  benefit  to  such  patients.  Two  clinical  obser- 
vations point  strongly  to  the  stimulating  effect  of  exercise  in  this 
class  of  the  insane,  but  such  evidence  has  probably  not  been  given 
sufficient  value.  The  more  noticeable  of  the  two  facts  is  that 
improvement  in  the  mental  condition  of  this  class  of  patients  is 
first  noticed  in  the  afternoon.  After  the  activity  of  the  morning 
the  irritability  seems  to  be  increased  to  such  an  extent  that  the 
patient  moves  and  answers  more  quickly  and  feels  more  nearly 
normal.  The  same  stimulus  seems  to  have  a  much  greater  effect 
in  the  afternoon  than  in  the  morning.  The  second  fact  is  that 
after  a  restless  night  the  retardation  is  often  less  marked  and  a 
condition  is  noticeable  similar  to  the  afternoon  improvement.  The 
loss  of  sleep,  or,  it  may  be,  the  restlessness  of  the  night  tends  to 
"  key  up  "  the  patient  and  the  reactions  are  not  so  slow.  In  addi- 
tion it  may  be  mentioned  that  Hoch '  has  found  that  the  "  warm- 
ing-up "  effect  in  a  case  with  the  "  feeling  of  inadequacy  "  is 
much  greater  than  normal.     On  the  separate  days  he  found  an 

*The  part  here  published  is  complete  in  itself  but  is  now  given  mainly 
because  of  its  suggestiveness  and  because  it  may  help  to  emphasize  the 
fruitfulness  and  importance  of  the  application  of  psychological  and  physio- 
logical methods  in  psychiatry. 

*  On  certain  studies  with  the  ergograph.  Journal  of  Nervous  and  Mental 
Diseases,  (1901),  XXVIII,  620-628. 

239 


240  EXERCISE   IN    CONDITIONS   OF   DEPRESSION  [Oct. 

"  unusual  rise  of  pull  number  from  curve  to  curve."  *  The  lack 
of  practice  effect  in  Hoch's  case  and  his  conclusions  will  be  con- 
sidered later. 

Two  series  of  experiments  have  been  made.  The  first  series 
was  with  only  one  patient.  In  this  series  careful  tests  were  made 
of  his  pressure  and  pain  sensibility,  of  the  rapidity  and  accuracy 
of  movement,  and  the  speed  of  reading.  These  experiments 
were  made  on  days  when  he  pursued  his  normal  routine  and  on 
days  when  he  had  been  subjected  for  five  minutes  to  mechanical 
vibration  along  the  extent  of  the  spine.  The  second  series  was 
made  with  two  retarded  patients.  The  tests  of  this  series  in- 
cluded experiments  upon  simple  and  choice  reaction  times,  upon 
the  rapidity  of  movement,  and  upon  the  time  of  the  more  complex 
processes  of  reading  and  discrimination.  These  tests  were  made 
in  the  early  morning  at  8.30  or  9.00  and  again  two  and  a  half  hours 
later  at  11.00  or  11.30.  On  alternate  mornings  exercise  or  rest 
was  taken  by  the  patient.  On  the  resting  days  the  subject  was  kept 
very  quiet,  lying  down  if  possible,  so  that  no  extra  muscular 
work  was  done,  and  on  the  exercised  days  for  two  hours  between 
the  two  series  of  experiments  the  patient  was  taken  for  a  long 
walk  or  on  one  day  the  patient  was  permitted  to  bowl  during  the 
interval. 

The  subjects  for  the  experiment  were  two  men :  S.,  a  mer- 
chant, is  44  years  old.  This  is  his  third  attack  of  depression. 
His  first  attack  was  at  20,  and  lasted  five  months.  His  second 
attack  was  at  33  and  continued  five  months.  The  present  attack 
began  in  March  and  now  is  practically  over ;  duration  six  months. 
On  entrance  the  patient  was  greatly  retarded.  He  explained  that 
he  felt  weak  and  could  not  put  his  mind  on  things.  He  would 
not  answer  questions,  reacted  little  to  pin  pricks,  and  when  asked 
to  show  his  tongue  made  several  unsuccessful  attempts  to  do  so. 
The  other  subject,  Ev.,  has  been  depressed  and  retarded  for 
nearly  two  years.     This  is  his  seventh  attack  of  depression.* 

*  In  a  brief  report  of  the  continuation  of  this  work  Hoch  reports  similar 
results  in  more  pronounced  conditions  of  retardation  in  melancholia. 
Psychol.  Bulletin,  (1904),  I,  255. 

*This  patient  was  used  in  a  previous  part  of  the  research,  and  some  of 
his  results  have  already  been  published.  Franz :  Anomalous  reaction 
times  in  a  case  of  manic-depressive  depression.  Psychological  Bulletin, 
1905,  II,  225-232. 


1905]  S.    I.    FRANZ   AND   G.    V.    HAMILTON  24I 

Series  I. — In  the  first  series  of  experiments  S.  alone  was 
used,  and  an  effort  was  made  to  determine  what  effects  followed 
the  passive  exercise  and  stimulation  given  by  a  mechanical  vibra- 
tor. The  subject  was  vibrated  on  alternate  week  days  at  9  a.  m. 
with  a  mechanical  vibrator  consisting  of  a  vertical  rod  to  which 
was  attached  a  hard  rubber  ball  i^  inches  in  diameter.  This 
was  pressed  lightly  against  the  skin  over  the  points  of  exit  of  the 
nerve  trunks,  both  to  right  and  to  left  along  the  extent  of  the 
spine.     Each  point  was  vibrated  five  seconds. 

On  the  days  when  the  patient  was  not  vibrated  the  tests  were 
made  at  9.  a.  m.,  and  on  the  vibrated  days  the  tests  followed  im- 
mediately the  mechanical  vibration.  The  first  experiments  made 
each  day  were  the  determinations  of  the  touch  and  pain  thresh- 


FiG.   I. — The  figure  is  about  ^   size  of  instrument. 

olds.  Then  followed  an  experiment  on  the  rapidity  of  move- 
ment, then  the  test  on  the  accuracy  of  movement,  next  a  test  of 
the  speed  of  reading,  and  finally  a  second  test  on  the  rapidity  of 
movement. 

Pressure  sense  threshold. — The  touch  threshold  was  deter- 
mined by  means  of  an  instrument  similar  to  that  used  by  Bloch. 
The  accompanying  illustration  will  give  an  idea  of  the  apparatus. 
To  a  piece  of  wood  was  attached  a  spring  steel  wire  A  which  was 
bent  at  a  right  angle  B.  The  long  part  of  this  wire,  A,  measured 
six  inches.  The  area  of  cross-section  of  the  wire  was  about  .4 
sq.  mm.  A  scale  E  attached  to  the  instrument  permitted  the  ex- 
perimenter to  determine  the  threshold.  The  instrument  measured 
pressures  as  high  as  i  ^  gms.  The  right-angled  piece  of  the  wire 
was  pressed  against  the  patient's  skin,  care  being  taken  to  keep 
it  vertical  all  the  time,  and  when  the  subject  reported  that  the 


242  EXERCISE   IN    CONDITIONS   OF   DEPRESSION  [Oct. 

pressure  was  perceived,  the  reading  was  taken  from  the  scale  and 
recorded.  The  following  points  on  the  skin  were  selected  for  the 
determination  of  the  touch  threshold:  On  the  back  3  in.  ex- 
ternal to  and  level  with  the  spinous  processes  of  the  12th  dorsal, 
of  the  2d  and  the  4th  lumbar  vertebrae,  and  of  the  4th  sacral  seg- 
ment on  either  side,  making  in  all  8  points.  On  the  palm  of  each 
hand  19  points  were  selected  as  follows  :  the  tips  of  the  thumb  and 
fingers,  points  midway  between  each  of  the  phalangeal  joints,  and 
directly  over  each  of  the  metacarpo-phalangeal  joints.  Care  was 
taken  not  to  select  any  calloused  spots.  Two  determinations  of 
the  threshold  were  made  on  each  of  these  points  each  day.  A 
sufficient  interval  was  permitted  to  elapse  between  the  two  tests 
to  avoid  any  possible  summation  effect  of  the  stimuli.  Through- 
out these,  as  well  as  throughout  all  the  other  experiments,  the 
patient  co-operated  very  well.  There  was  no  indifference  or  un- 
willingness on  his  part  during  the  progress  of  the  series  except  on 
July  14th ;  the  results  on  this  day  will  be  considered  later.  All  the 
experiments  on  the  back  or  on  the  palms  for  one  day  are  grouped 
and  averaged.  The  figures  in  the  following  tables  are,  therefore, 
to  be  understood  as  the  daily  averages  of  76  experiments  on  the 
palms  or  of  16  experiments  on  the  back. 

Pain  threshold. — The  determination  of  the  pain  thresholds  were 
made  with  an  instrument  similar  to  the  well-known  Cattell  algo- 
meter,  but  the  area  of  stimulation  was  approximately  2.5  sq.  mm. 
The  measurements  of  pain  threshold  were  made  on  the  same 
points  used  for  the  determination  of  the  pressure  threshold.  The 
experiments  on  pain,  however,  were  made  after  the  touch  experi- 
ments, and  only  one  determination  was  made  each  day.  The  total 
number  of  observations  each  day  was  38  on  the  palms  of  the 
hands,  and  8  on  the  back.  As  in  the  case  of  the  pressure  thresh- 
old, all  the  measurements  for  the  hands  were  grouped  and  aver- 
aged for  each  day,  and  a  similar  procedure  was  followed  for  the 
8  daily  pain  determinations  on  the  back. 

Rapidity  of  movement. — The  rapidity  of  movement  was  rather 
roughly  tested  by  having  the  subject  tap  on  a  sheet  of  paper  8  by 
10  inches  with  a  pencil  for  30  seconds.  The  subject  was  in- 
structed to  tap  with  the  pencil  as  rapidly  as  possible  from  the 
time  the  signal  for  starting  was  given  until  told  to  stop.  The 
total  number  of  taps  made  in  30  seconds  was  counted  and  there- 


1905]  S.    I.    FRANZ   AND  G.    V.    HAMILTON  243 

from  we  calculated  the  average  time  for  making  one  tap.  The 
figures  in  the  tables  refer  to  this  average  time.  Two  experiments 
were  made  each  day,  and  both  of  the  averages  are  given  in  the 
accompanying  tables. 

The  accuracy  of  movement. — A  sheet  of  paper  8  by  lo  inches 
was  put  before  the  subject  and  he  was  instructed  to  draw  thereon 
a  line.  This  line  was  then  covered  up  and  he  was  told  to  repro- 
duce it.  This  was  kept  up  until  he  had  made  20  reproductions, 
each  line  being  intended  equal  to  the  preceding  one  which  he  had 
drawn.  The  interval  between  drawing  the  lines  was  about  3 
seconds.  The  length  of  line  varied  each  day,  but  tended  to  be 
approximately  no  mm.  long.  The  constant  error  in  the  repro- 
duction of  the  lines  was  determined,  i.  e.,  what  tendency  the 
patient  had  towards  making  his  reproductions  longer  or  shorter 
than  the  line  which  he  was  to  reproduce.  The  average  error  was 
also  calculated  by  taking  the  differences  between  the  consecutive 
lines  and  averaging  these,  but  disregarding  any  special  tendency 
towards  an  increase  or  a  decrease  in  his  reproduction.  Both  the 
average  constant  error  and  the  average  error  are,  therefore,  aver- 
ages of  twenty  experiments  each  day. 

Speed  of  reading. — During  the  last  thirteen  days  of  the  series 
one  experiment  was  made  each  day  on  the  rapidity  of  reading  100 
figures.  The  time  given  in  the  tables  for  these  experiments  is 
the  total  time  for  the  100  figures. 

In  the  accompanying  table  will  be  found  the  results  of  all  the 
experiments  of  this  series  for  twenty-six  days."  It  will  be  noted 
that  in  the  course  of  the  experiments  there  was  a  gradual  and 
steady  improvement  in  the  rapidity  of  movement,  in  the  speed  of 
reading,  in  the  threshold  for  pressure,  both  on  the  palms  and 
back,  and  for  the  pain  threshold  in  both  regions. 

Contrary  to  the  observations  which  have  been  made  by  other 
people,  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  touch  threshold  in  this  patient 

'  On  September  23,  after  the  MSS.  was  sent  to  the  Journal,  other 
experiments  were  made  with  S.  Two  experiments  on  tapping  gave  aver- 
age times  of  .185  and  .171  sec.  respectively.  Touch  threshold  for  palms 
was  .021  and  for  back  .065  gms.  Pain  threshold  for  palms  440  and  for 
back  456  gms.  All  these  figures  show  a  decided  improvement  in  the 
patient.  The  day  these  experiments  were  made  the  patient  was  discharged 
"  recovered."    These  results,  therefore,  may  be  considered  normal  for  S. 


TABLE  I. 
Daily  Rbsclts  and  Avbragks.     Subject,  S. 


Dates. 

Tap- 
ping 
time 
in  sec. 

Read- 
ing 100 
figures 
sec. 

Accuracy  of 
Movement  in  mm. 

Pressure 
Threshold 
in  grams. 

Pain  Thresh- 
old in  grams. 

Constant 
Error. 

Aver- 
age 
Error. 

Palms. 

Back. 

Palms. 

Back. 

July     6 

.268 

+  0.95 

3.75 

7* 

.227 

.fl.2 

2.95 

.190 

909 

8 

.231 
.252 

+  0.6 

5.93 

.257 

931 

10* 

.205 
.210 

+  0.38 

7.40 

.185 

.181 

922 

822 

11 

.217 
.216 

-0.67 

3.10 

.231 

.657 

998 

1020 

12* 

.203 
.204 

+  1.7 

5.35 

.277 

.395 

984 

988 

1 

216 
,231 



+  0.5 

4.55 

.233 

.352 

978 

921 

14*1 

.256 
.248 



+  0.7 

4.50 

.334 

.800 

1012 

1020 

15 

.226 
.208 

+  1.2 

4.13 

.217 

.274 

965 

1020 

17* 

.221 
.207 

+  0.95 

3.35 

.147 

.285 

986 

1010 

18 « 

.205 
.217 

+  0.55 

4.80 

.096 

.151 

802 

886 

19* 

.197 
.194 



+  0.5 

5.68 

.116 

.276 

811 

855 

20 

.196 
.208 

45 

+  1.0 

6.70 

.137 

.246 

900 

947 

21* 

.203 
.199 

43 

+  1.18 

5.28 

.118 

.311 

812 

883 

Aug.   8 

.221 
.207 

42 

+  0.1 

3.5 

.088 

.151 

696 

702 

9* 

.195 
.194 

40 

+  1.0 

5.2 

.085 

.114 

652 

651 

10  » 

.205 
.194 

42 

+  0.78 

4.1 

.060 

.218 

596 

593 

11* 

.196 
.192 

41 

+  0.03 

4.5 

.075 

.178 

609 

740 

12 

.195 
.208 

36 

+  0.4 

4.5 

.046 

.155 

588 

644 

14* 

.192 
.186 

36 

+  0.25 

4.7 

.056 

.125 

636 

676 

15 

.199 
.190 

85 

+  0.8 

5.7 

.078 

.169 

670 

627 

16* 

.183 
.182 

35 

+  1.1 

5.0 

.064 

.088 

680 

634 

17 

.200 
.188 

35 

+  1.15 

5.0 

.068 

.105 

631 

600 

18* 

.183 
.192 

35 

+  0.85 

6.3 

.056 

.137 

602 

577 

19 

.192 
.211 

36 

+  0.4 

6.5 

.043 

.114 

618 

574 

30 

.192 
.194* 

.039 

.098 

552 

5.55 

♦The  dates  which  are  starred  are  days  on  which  the  patient  was  vibrated. 

1  Patient  was  very  sleepy  during  the  course  of  the  experiments  and  did  not  answer 
well. 

-  Experiments  made  in  the  afternoon. 

3  The  patient  had  very  little  sleep  during  the  previous  night. 

*  These  experiments  were  made  August  26  after  extra  practice  of  two  similar  ex- 
periments each  day  for  one  week.    See  Table  III. 


1905]  S.    I.    FRANZ   AND   G.    V.    HAMILTON  245 

at  the  beginning  of  the  series,  as  compared  with  what  it  was 
found  to  be  at  the  end,  is  very  high  and  the  pressure  sense  seems 
to  be  considerably  dulled.'  It  is  true  that  during  the  progress 
of  the  experiments  the  patient  was  gradually  getting  better,  but 
precautions  were  taken  at  all  times  to  determine  whether  or  not 
the  high  determinations  which  were  made  were  due  to  a  dulling 
of  the  sensibility  or  to  his  slowness  in  responding.  Often  during 
the  course  of  the  experiments  on  any  day  a  number  of  Fehler 
Versuche  were  made  by  holding  the  instrument  either  above  the 
skin  so  that  no  touch  was  given  or  by  pressing  it  down  to  a  point 
where  it  seemed  likely  the  stimulus  would  not  be  perceived  and 
keeping  it  there  for  a  few  seconds.  Both  of  these  methods  gave 
usually  negative  results.  Occasionally  there  was  what  might  be 
termed  a  premature  reaction,  i.  e.,  a  response  when  he  was  not 
being  stimulated,  but  with  the  other  method  response  was  not 
obtained  until  the  pressure  had  been  increased.  It  is,  however, 
interesting  to  note  that  there  is  a  decided  improvement  in  the 
pressure  sense.  Whether  or  not  this  be  due  to  an  actual  im- 
provement in  the  pressure  sense  itself  or  be  due  to  a  lessening 
of  the  retardation  cannot  be  definitely  decided.  We  believe  that 
the  improvement  is  an  actual  sensory  improvement  (using  in  our 
present  state  of  ignorance  the  term  sensory  to  include  the  whole 
sensory  apparatus,  end  organ  to  the  brain).  The  results  obtained 
when  the  second  precautionary  method  was  used  indicate  this,  it 
seems  to  us,  very  clearly.  Furthermore,  we  shall  see  in  a  com- 
parison of  the  results  on  the  vibrated  and  non-vibrated  days 
(Table  II)  that  on  the  vibrated  days  the  improvement  is  much 
more  marked.  This  would  indicate  that  the  extra  stimulation 
which  was  given  to  the  back  and  which  probably  had  its  effect 

'Using  a  similar  instrument  and  method,  Griffing  (On  sensations  from 
pressure  and  impact.  Psychological  Review  Monograph  Supplement,  1895, 
I,  I,  p.  88.)  found  on  two  normal  subjects  an  average  pressure  threshold 
of  2.3  gms.  over  an  area  of  .9  sq.  cm.  If  the  pressure  necessary  to  be  per- 
ceived varies  directly  with  the  area  of  stimulation,  we  should  expect  a  pres- 
sure of  .012  gms.  to  be  perceived  when  the  area  of  the  stimulating  instru- 
ment is  .4  sq.  mm.  It  should  be  mentioned  that  other  investigators  found 
relatively  higher  thresholds  than  did  Griffing,  and  still  others  found  much 
lower.  See  table  in  Sherrington's  article  on  Cutaneous  Sensations  in 
Schafer's  Text  Book  of  Physiology,  Vol.  II,  p.  927,  and  table  in  Landois' 
Physiology  (trans,  by  Brubaker),  1904,  p.  928. 


246  EXERCISE   IN    CONDITIONS   OF   DEPRESSION  [Oct. 

upon  the  spinal  cord  helped  to  increase  the  irritability  of  some 
part  of  the  nervous  mechanism. 

Similar  results  are  found  for  pain  threshold.  Usually  the 
statement  is  made  that  the  pain  appreciation  in  this  class  of  pa- 
tients is  not  diminished.  This  conclusion,  however,  has  been 
drawn  entirely  from  a  few  rough  clinical  tests  such  as  pricking 
with  a  pin,  although  often  it  is  admitted  that  these  patients  react 
very  little  to  pin  pricks.  We  have  been  unable  to  find  any  accu- 
rate determinations  of  the  pain  threshold  in  this  class  of  patients 
to  substantiate  the  general  opinion.  A  reference  to  the  table  will 
show  that  the  threshold  at  the  beginning  of  the  experiment  was 
over  50  per  cent  higher  than  it  was  at  the  end  of  the  series,  and, 
moreover,  it  is  particularly  noticeable  that  the  results  of  the  first 
two  weeks,  July  10  to  21,  are  very  much  higher  than  the  re- 
sults obtained  from  August  8  to  19  after  the  patient  had  had 
a  period  of  two  weeks  without  experiments.  If  the  lowered 
threshold  was  due  to  practice  we  should  expect  that  a  part  of  the 
practice  eflFect  would  have  disappeared  during  the  two  weeks' 
interval. 

Similar  precautions  were  taken  in  these  experiments  as  were 
done  in  the  touch  threshold  series,  but  even  when  the  instrument 
was  kept  at  a  point  of  considerable  pressure,  the  subject  did  not 
respond,  although  sufficient  time  was  given  for  a  retarded  answer.' 

The  experiments  on  the  accuracy  of  movement  show  practi- 
cally nothing.  The  results  are  included  here  for  their  negative 
value,  because  they  indicate  that  there  is  no  disturbance  of  the 
"  movement "  sensations.     There  is  no  constant  increase  or  de- 

'  This  would  indicate  that  at  such  times  the  threshold  was  even  higher 
than  we  had  determined  since  Griffing  found  that  the  pain  threshold  was  a 
function  of  the  time  of  stimulation  as  well  as  of  the  area  and  intensity. 
Op.  cit,  p.  80-83.  Griffing  found  in  40  persons  an  average  of  5100  grams 
for  pain  threshold  when  the  area  was  0.9  sq.  cm.  The  results  at  the  begin- 
ning of  S's  series  are,  therefore,  much  higher  than  the  normal  average 
and  those  at  the  end  of  the  series,  while  they  approach  this  average,  are 
somewhat  higher.  It  should  be  further  noted  that  Griffing  found  (Op.  cit, 
p.  53,  note)  that  in  some  pain  measurements  "  a  number  of  experiments 
had  been  made  on  the  hand  before,  and  it  seemed  to  have  become  less 
sensitive  by  about  2  K.  than  when  it  was  first  tested."  This  conclusion 
would  indicate  that  any  "  practice  effect "  for  pain  threshold  would  be 
towards  an  increase  rather  than  a  decrease  of  the  threshold. 


1905]  S.    I.    FRANZ   AND  G.    V.    HAMILTON  24/ 

crease  in  the  average  error  from  the  first  to  the  last  of  the  series, 
nor  does  the  constant  error  show  any  special  tendency.  If  there 
was  any  disturbance  of  motor  sensation  it  should  show  itself  in  an 
increase  of  the  average  error,  but  throughout  the  series  the  pro- 
portion of  the  daily  average  error  to  the  total  length  of  lines 
which  were  drawn  is  no  greater  than  normal. 

There  is  an  increase  in  rapidity  in  tapping  time  from  the  first 
to  the  last  weeks  of  the  series,  coincident  with  the  gradual  re- 
covery of  the  patient.  Part  of  this  increase  in  speed  must  be 
considered  as  due  to  a  practice  effect,  particularly  during  the  first 
few  days,  July  6,  7,  and  8.  For  reading  100  figures  there  is  a 
considerable  decrease  in  time,  but  here  also  some  of  the  increased 
rapidity  is  undoubtedly  due  to  practice. 

In  Table  I  notes  have  been  made  that  the  results  obtained  on 
July  14  and  18,  and  on  August  10,  are  not  strictly  comparable 
with  the  results  on  the  preceding  and  succeeding  days.  On  July 
14  the  patient  did  not  co-operate  well.  He  seemed  very  sleepy, 
often  indifferent,  and  sometimes  unwilling  to  have  the  experi- 
ments made.  Several  times  on  that  day  the  subject  said  that  he 
felt  the  touch  stimulus  some  time  before  he  responded.  In  com- 
parison with  July  13  and  15,  the  results  of  this  day  show  striking 
deviations  in  almost  every  kind  of  experiment. 

Unfortunately,  it  was  impossible  to  make  the  usual  experiments 
on  the  morning  of  July  18,  and  the  patient  was  tested  late  in  the 
afternoon.  So  far  as  a  general  comparison  is  concerned  the  re- 
sults cannot  be  used  with  any  of  the  morning  experiments,  but 
they  give  a  more  exact  measure  to  the  commonly  observed  condi- 
tion of  afternoon  improvement. 

The  effect  of  a  restless  night  is  indicated  in  the  results  of 
August  10.  The  averages,  except  for  touch  threshold  on  the 
hands  and  the  pain  threshold  of  both  hands  and  back,  do  not  indi- 
cate the  great  difference  in  the  patient's  feeling  of  well  or  ill- 
being.  During  the  previous  night  the  subject  had  slept  very 
little,  and  in  the  morning  became  quite  voluble,  easy  in  manner, 
active,  although  subjectively  he  felt  rather  depressed.  The  con- 
dition of  the  subject  or  of  the  experimental  conditions  of  these 
three  days,  we  judge,  are  not  sufficiently  similar  to  warrant  their 
grouping  and  averaging  with  the  results  on  other  days.     In  the 


248  EXERCISE   IN    CONDITIONS   OF   DEPRESSION  [Oct. 

succeeding  comparison  of  the  daily  results,  therefore,  these  three 
days  have  been  disregarded. 

The  patient,  it  has  been  mentioned,  was  vibrated  on  alternate 
days.  The  results  both  for  the  vibrated  days  and  those  for  the 
non-vibrated  days  are  given  in  Table  I,  but  we  have  combined 
the  results  to  determine  any  effect  succeeding  the  mechanical 
stimulation. 

The  average  time  of  tapping  on  the  non-vibrated  days  (omit- 
ting July  18  and  August  10)  is  found  to  be  .212  sec.  Should 
the  first  day  be  discarded  also  because  of  the  patient's  unfamili- 
arity  with  the  methods,  etc.,  the  average  is  .211  sec.  On  the 
vibrated  days  (omitting  July  14)  the  tapping  time  averages  .199 
sec. 

The  average  results  for  the  time  of  reading  on  the  vibrated  and 
non-vibrated  days  do  not  show  any  difference  in  time  if  the  result 
of  August  10  is  omitted.  The  time  measurements  were  made, 
however,  roughly  with  the  second  hand  of  an  ordinary  watch  and 
the  error  of  recording  from  such  an  instrument  is  probably  much 
greater  than  any  time  differences  in  the  process  of  reading.  A 
more  accurate  method  might  indicate  some  differences,  but  at 
present  we  can  report  only  negative  results. 

In  the  experiments  upon  the  accuracy  of  movement  it  has  been 
mentioned  above,  no  improvement  was  noted  throughout  the 
series.  The  comparison  of  the  results  on  the  days  when  the  sub- 
ject was  vibrated  with  those  on  the  non- vibrated  days  (omitting, 
of  course,  results  of  July  14  and  18  and  August  10)  give,  respec- 
tively, average  errors  of  5.02  mm.  and  4.79  mm.  and  constant 
errors  of  4-0.83  mm.  and  +0.58  mm.  The  average  relative 
amounts  of  the  average  errors  compared  to  the  total  lengths  of 
line  were  equal  on  the  vibrated  and  non-vibrated  days.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  note  that  the  constant  error  averages  greater  on  the 
vibrated  days,  there  is  a  greater  tendency  to  make  each  line  some- 
what longer  than  the  preceding  one.  In  experiments  on  normal 
subjects  it  has  been  found  that  when  an  individual  is  feeling  par- 
ticularly well,  and  there  is  a  general  feeling  of  bien  aise,  there  is 
a  tendency  to  a  greater  movement,  and,  as  Miinsterberg  has 
shown,  of  an  extensor  type.  On  the  days  when  the  subject  did 
not  feel  so  well  there  was  less  tendency  to  overestimate  movement 
and,  in  fact,  a  tendency  towards  a  movement  of  a  flexor  type. 


1905] 


S.    I.    FRANZ   AND   G.    V.    HAMILTON 


249 


How  much  this  factor  is  present  in  S.'s  results  we  cannot  say. 
It  would  be  interesting  to  repeat  these  experiments  if  the  patient 
should  become  "  set  up  "  or  even  maniacal.  The  results  at  pres- 
ent do  not  indicate  any  special  change  in  one  direction  or  other. 
It  has  been  noted,  however,  that  at  no  time  during  the  series 
could  the  results  be  interpreted  to  indicate  a  lowering  or  a  de- 
fect of  the  "  motor  "  sensibility. 

In  Table  II  we  find  much  more  than  an  indication  of  the  stimu- 
lating effect  of  the  mechanical  vibration.  Both  the  touch  and 
the  pain  threshold  are  lowered  on  the  palms  and  on  the  back  on 

TABLE  II. 
Averages  of  Pressure  and  Pain  Thresholds  Determinations.  Subject  S. 
Results  of  experiments  on  July  14  and  18  and  August  10  have  been  omitted. 
The  numbers  of  days  are  given  in  parentheses.  76  pressure  and  38  pain  deter- 
minations on  the  hands,  and  16  pressure  and  8  pain  determinations  on  the 
baclc  each  day. 


Pressure  Threshold 
in  grams. 

Pain  Threshold 
in  grams. 

Palms. 

Back. 

Palms. 

Back. 

Vibrated  Days i 

Non-Vibrated  Days 

.1345 
(11) 

.1398 
(10) 

.209 
(10) 

.247 
(9) 

782.1 
(11) 

797.5 
(10) 

783.6 
(10) 

783.9 
(9) 

the  vibrated  days  in  comparison  with  the  results  on  the  non-vi- 
brated days.  For  the  touch  threshold  the  improvement  on  the 
palms  is  over  ten  per  cent  and  on  the  back  over  fifteen  per  cent. 
The  improvement  in  the  pain  threshold  is  not  so  marked  either 
on  palms  or  back,  and  for  the  back  the  difference  is  too  slight  to 
be  significant. 

Taking  the  results  of  all  the  tests  it  is  quite  evident  that  the 
vibratory  exercise  has  caused  some  change  in  the  body,  so  that 
on  these  days  the  patient  moved  more  quickly  and  his  touch  and 
pain  feelings  were  not  so  dulled.  The  effect  of  the  vibration  is 
very  largely  stimulating  to  the  tissues  in  the  immediate  neighbor- 
hood of  the  area  vibrated  and  probably  it  has  also  considerable 
effect  upon  the  structures  adjacent.     In  this  case  it  is  probable 


250  EXERCISE   IN    CONDITIONS   OF  DEPRESSION  [Oct. 

that  the  spinal  cord  and  the  spinal  nerves  were  affected,  and  this 
would  very  naturally  increase  the  irritability  of  these  parts.  With 
an  increased  irritability  of  the  nerve  elements  we  would  get  a 
decrease  in  the  stimulation  thresholds. 

Series  II. — In  the  second  series  of  experiments  both  S.  and 
Ev.  were  used.  On  S.  the  tests  were  made  each  day  for  a  week, 
and  on  Ev.  for  four  days.  The  experiments  included  (a)  time  of 
simple  and  choice  reactions,  (b)  the  rapidity  of  movement,  (c) 
the  time  of  reading,  (d)  the  time  of  discrimination  and  movement. 

Reaction  iimes. — In  these  experiments  the  time  for  moving  a 
finger  of  the  right  hand  when  a  sound  was  heard  gave  the  time 
for  the  simple  reactions.  For  the  choice  reactions,  the  same  finger 
reacted  to  the  same  sound,  and  a  finger  of  the  left  hand  to  an- 
other, but  lower,  sound.  The  choice  reaction  times  for  the  right 
hand  have  been  the  only  ones  considered,  since  they  are  strictly 
comparable  to  the  simple  reaction  times.  The  time  was  measured 
by  a  Hipp  chronoscope,  and  the  results  which  are  reported  are 
given  in  thousandths  of  a  second.  With  one  exception  (noted  in 
the  table),  twenty-five  of  each  kind  of  reaction  were  taken  at  each 
sitting.     The  figures  in  the  tables  are  thousandths  of  a  second. 

Rapidity  of  movement. — The  simple  reaction  time  gives  us  data 
for  the  rapidity  of  movement,  but  in  addition  two  other  tests  were 
made  each  day.  One  of  these  was  the  tapping  experiment  de- 
scribed in  the  previous  series  (p.  242).  The  other  was  the  time 
for  distributing  some  cards.  In  this  test  the  subject  was  given 
a  pack  of  100  colored  cards,  each  three  inches  square,  which  he 
was  instructed  to  place  in  a  stack,  one  at  a  time,  at  his  maximum 
speed.  The  calculation  of  the  tapping  records  was  done  in  the 
same  manner  as  for  Series  I.  The  total  time  for  the  distribution 
of  the  100  cards  are  given  in  Tables  III  and  IV.  The  average 
time  for  handling  and  stacking  one  card  can  easily  be  calculated 
by  dividing  the  total  time  by  100. 

Time  of  reading. — Pages  of  an  unfamiliar  book  were  given  to 
the  subjects  with  instructions  to  read  as  rapidly  as  possible,  dis- 
regarding the  sense,  but  reading  every  word.  The  matter  selected 
was  as  free  as  possible  from  all  difficult  words,  and  persons  of 
ordinary  education  could  read  everything  understandingly,  if  it 
were  required.     The  total  time  for  reading  such  a  page  divided 


1905] 


S.    I,    FRANZ   AND  G.    V.    HAMILTON 


251 


by  the  number  of  words  gave  us  the  average  time  for  reading  one 
word.     The  figures  in  the  tables  refer  to  this  result. 

Time  of  discrimination  and  movement. — Here  also  two  differ- 
ent kinds  of  experiments  were  made.  The  first  of  these  was  the 
distribution  and  discrimination  of  100  colored  cards.  Ten  cards, 
each  of  a  different  color,  were  arranged  in  a  semicircle  upon  the 
table  and  the  subject  was  given  the  well-shuffled  pack  of  100  cards, 


TABLE  III. 

Th«  Time  of  Certain  Mental  Processes,  as  Influenced  by  Muscular 

Exercise.     Subject,  S. 

Exercise  was  taken  on  Angnst  21,  28  and  25. 


Average  simple 
reaction  time. 
26  experiments 
each  session. 

Average  choice 
reaction  time. 
26  experiments 
each  session. 

U  ff) 

a  o» 

1° 
H  00 

'S'2 
S  * 

Discriminating 
and  distributing 
100  cards.    Ten 
stacks. 

1 

1:1 

H.9 

Marking 
100  e's. 

Day 
and 
Time. 

a 
0 

U 

a'a 
1'" 

sec. 

sec. 

sec. 

sec. 

sec. 

A.  21,  1 
exerc.  j 

8.30 
11.00 

325.6 

(20) 

269.3 

450.9 

(10) 

287.4 

.203 
.176 

82 
56 

155 
146 

.372 
.344 

170 
136 

15 
13 

A.  22,    f 
rest.     \ 

8.30 
11.00 

220.6 
210.7 

274.3 
270.6 

.188 
.191 

71 
57 

159 
135 

.358 
.351 

143 
152 

10 
16 

A.  23,    f 
exerc.  \ 

8.30 
11.00 

230.0 
220.7 

277.6 
256.7 

.196 
.203 

67 
63 

140 
129 

.358 
.341 

148 
162 

9 
13 

A.  24,    f 
rest.     \ 

8.30 
11.00 

224.1 
182.3 

278.3 
248.9 

.176 
.183 

64 
67 

135 
121 

.335 
.335 

150 
166 

A.  25,   f 
exerc.  \ 

8.30 
11.00 

198.1 
221.2 

232.6 
214.2 

.190 
.195 

75 

68 

141 
128 

.348 
.342 

158 
159 

6 
11 

A. 26,    r 
rest.     \ 

8.30 
11.00 

218.4 
187.4 

237.3 
235.3 

.192 
.194 

79 
80 

119 
118 

.340 
.349 

136 
152 

10 
4 

consisting  of  ten  cards  of  each  color  represented  on  the  table. 
He  was  told  to  distribute  the  cards  according  to  the  color  as  ra- 
pidly as  possible.  By  subtracting  the  time  necessary  for  placing 
the  100  cards  in  one  stack  we  obtain  the  time  necessary  for  dis- 
crimination and  for  association  of  the  color  with  a  certain  position 
on  the  table.  The  second  experiment  of  this  general  character 
was  the  determination  of  the  time  necessary  to  cross  out  100  small 
e's  in  a  solid  paragraph  of  printed  matter.     About  a  third  of  a 


252 


EXERCISE   IN    CONDITIONS   OF   DEPRESSION 


[Oct. 


page  was  given  to  the  subject  with  instructions  to  mark  all  the 
e's  as  rapidly  as  possible.  There  were  about  900  other  letters  in 
the  paragraph.  Each  e  missed  by  the  subject  was  counted  as  an 
error  in  calculating  the  results. 

The  results  of  these  experiments  on  S.  are  given  in  Table  III 
and  those  on  Ev.  in  Table  IV. 

It  is  evident  that  there  is  a  gradual  but  not  a  regular  day-to- 
day improvement  in  the  result  of  S.'s  experiments,  just  as  was 


TABLE    IV. 

Time  of  Certain  Mental  Processes,  as  Influenced  by  Muscular 
Exercise.     Subject   Ev. 


Exercise  was  taken  Augast  22  and  24. 

Average  simple 
reaction.    26  ex- 
periments each 
session. 

Average  choice 
reaction.  26  ex- 
periments each 
session. 

A*' 

«o 
<!:3 

8^ 

.Q 
'C  on 

00  u 

as 

Discriminating 
and  distributing 
100  cards.     Ten 
piles. 

1^ 

Marking 
100  e's. 

Day 
and 
Time. 

e 

a 

o 
H 

IS 
aa 

sec. 

sec. 

sec. 

sec. 

sec. 

A.  21,  f 
rest.     \ 

9.00 

293.2 

378.8 

.219 

143 

322 

.361 

164 

10 

11.30 

246.4 

401.3 

.233 

161 

394 

.350 

182 

27 

A.  22,  f 
exerc.  \ 

9.00 

273.7 

335.0 

.240 

118 

339 

.363 

187 

4 

11.30 

236.5 

367.8 

.250 

124 

320 

.362 

177 

23 

A.  23,  f 
rest.     \ 

9.00 

246.4 

369.8 

.248 

188 

349 

.388 

210 

9 

11.30 

253.9 

403.7 

.246 

171 

317 

.349 

175 

14 

A.  24,  f 
exerc.  \ 

9.00 

264.4 

853.4 

.242 

182 

325 

.375 

171 

16 

11.30 

293.8 

405.6 

.288 

130 

339 

.365 

168 

31 

noted  in  Series  I.  When  the  results  are  grouped  according  to  the 
effects  of  periods  of  exercise  and  of  rest,  some  interesting  facts 
are  found.  For  S.  there  is  a  greater  absolute  lessening  of  the 
time  for  most  of  the  experiments  after  the  two  hours'  exercise, 
and  with  the  exception  of  the  simple  reaction-time  and  of  the  time 
of  discrimination  and  distribution  of  lOO  cards  there  is  a  greater 
relative  improvement. 

The  relative  amounts  of  the  average  time  necessary  for  the  dif- 
ferent experiments  after  the  periods  of  exercise  and  rest  as  com- 


1905]  S.    I.    FR;\NZ    AND   G.    V.    HAMILTON  253 

pared  with  the  average  time  before  the  exercise  and  rest  are  re- 
spectively as  follows : 

Simple  reaction  time 944%  and  87.6% 

Choice  reaction  time  78.9%  "  95-9% 

Tapping  time  974%  "  102.0% 

Distributing  100  cards  83.4%  "  95-2% 

Discriminating  and  distributing  100  cards 924%  "'  906% 

Reading  one  word 88.9%  "  100.2% 

Discriminating  and  marking  100  e's 96.0%  "  109.6% 

After  the  exercise  the  subject  reported  much  less  depression  of 
feeling  although  he  said  he  was  quite  tired.  Clinically,  it  was 
observed  that  his  movements  were  much  more  free,  and  that  he 
talked  more  easily  and  without  any  hesitancy.  He  took  consid- 
erable interest  and  made  many  inquiries  regarding  the  experi- 
ments. On  the  resting  days  this  "  freedom  "  was  not  so  notice- 
able. 

The  anomalous  reaction-times  which  were  reported '  in  some 
earlier  experiments  on  Ev.  have  also  been  found  on  August  25 
with  S.  This  would  indicate  that  the  condition  which  has  pre- 
viously been  described  at  some  length  is  more  or  less  character- 
istic in  this  class  of  patients  under  certain  conditions,  as  yet 
unknown. 

After  the  exercise  taken  by  Ev.  on  August  22  and  24,  the  pa- 
tient complained  that  he  was  greatly  fatigued,  and  not  feeling  so 
well  as  he  had  earlier  in  the  morning.  The  comparison  of  re- 
sults on  the  "  resting  "  and  "  walking  "  days  shows  that  there  is 
less  improvement  when  exercise  was  taken.  Ev.,  it  will  be  re- 
membered, is  67  years  old,  and  for  two  years  has  been  very  quiet, 
moving  about  little,  and  being  in  rather  poor  "  condition  "  (to 
use  the  language  of  athletics).  For  such  an  elderly  man  the 
amount  of  exercise  given  him  was  sufficient  to  bring  about  a  state 
of  fatigue  and  to  introduce  the  fatigue  effect  into  the  results  after 
this  exercise. 

Various  experiments  have  shown  that  exercise  in  moderate 
amounts  is  followed  by  an  increase  in  efficiency  and  rapidity  of 
mental  work,  and  that  fatiguing  bodily  work  is  succeeded  by  a 
decrease  in  quantity,  quality,  and  rapidity  of  mental  processes. 

'  Franz :    Op.  cit. 
18 


254  EXERCISE   IN    CONDITIONS   OF   DEPRESSION  [Oct. 

The  two  hours'  exercise  was  sufficiently  stimulating  to  S.  who, 
previous  to  the  experiments,  had  been  accustomed  to  walk  for  a 
considerable  distance  each  day,  but  the  same  amount  of  bodily 
work  was  fatiguing  to  Ev.  For  a  period  of  two  years,  Ev.  had 
not  taken  so  much  exercise  in  a  week  or  more  as  he  did  on  each 
of  the  exercise  days  of  the  experiment. 

At  present  we  are  able  to  conclude  from  the  foregoing  results, 
although  they  are  few  in  number,  that  moderate  active  exercises 
have  a  beneficial  effect  in  the  condition  of  retardation.  Hoch's 
conclusion  *  that  the  practice  effect  is  not  carried  over  to  the  next 
day  does  not  apply  to  the  kinds  of  experiments  which  we  have 
carried  on,  A  glance  at  Tables  III  and  IV  of  this  article  will 
show  a  gradual  day-to-day  increase  in  rapidity,  and  the  earlier 
experiments  on  the  reaction-times  of  Ev."  show  a  similar  improve- 
ment. We  cannot  agree,  therefore,  with  Hoch  in  considering  the 
retardation  largely  a  difficulty  in  initiating  a  movement. 

Summary. — The  results  of  these  studies  may  be  summed  up 
as  follows : 

1.  The  thresholds  of  pain  and  pressure  appreciation  are  higher 
than  normal  in  a  case  of  retardation. 

2.  There  is  a  daily  improvement  in  the  pressure  and  pain  sen- 
sibility coincident  with  the  lessening  of  the  retardation  and  the 
depression. 

3.  The  accuracy  of  movement  is  not  affected  by  depression  and 
retardation. 

4.  The  speed  of  movement  is  lessened  in  the  retarded  condi- 
tion, but  it  is  gradually  increased  during  the  period  of  recovery. 

5.  Mechanical  vibration  increases  the  rapidity  of  movement, 
and  lowers  the  pain  and  the  pressure  thresholds. 

6.  The  speed  of  mental  processes  is  increased  with  improve- 
ment in  the  mental  condition  of  retardation. 

7.  After  moderate  exercise  there  is  more  improvement  than 
after  a  similar  resting  period. 

Conclusions. — While  the  experiments  with  which  we  have 
attempted  to  determine  the  effects  of  active  and  passive  exercise 
in  cases  of  depression  with  retardation  were  made  upon  only  one 

•Op.  cit. 
"Franz:    Op.  cit 


1905]  ^-    ^-    FRANZ   AND   G.    V.    HAMILTON  255 

patient  in  Series  I  and  upon  two  patients  in  Series  II,  we  feel  that 
the  results  obtained  are  of  some  practical  significance  with  refer- 
ence to  suggestions  for  treatment. 

Owing  to  the  necessary  inaccuracy  of  purely  clinical  observa- 
tion, and  the  misleading  statements  of  patients  who  have  a  morbid 
aversion  for  any  kind  of  effort,  it  seems  trite  to  say  that  more 
accurate  methods  should  be  employed  for  the  determination  of 
the  effects  of  the  various  methods  of  treatment.  Some  alienists 
advocate  a  "  rest  cure  "  for  their  patients,  while  others  follow 
a  regime  which  includes  a  varying  amount  of  passive  and  active 
exercise.  In  neither  case  is  the  value  of  the  treatment  demon- 
strable by  the  present  clinical  methods.  Some  patients  improve 
rapidly  and  others  slowly,  so  that  one  never  knows  whether  to 
attribute  the  rate  of  recovery  to  the  natural  resistance  and  the 
natural  recuperative  powers  of  the  individual  or  to  the  effects  of 
the  treatment.  It  is  obvious  that  the  patient  is  incapable  of  de- 
ciding what  is  best  for  him,  and  equally  obvious  that  the  clinician 
must  often  depend  upon  the  unreliable  data  gained  by  the  ordinary 
clinical  tests.  The  more  accurate  methods  available  in  the  labora- 
tory are,  therefore,  of  considerable  importance  in  that  they  offer 
more  tangible  evidence  of  the  values  of  the  various  curative 
methods.  Moreover,  it  reassures  the  patient  in  that  he  believes 
something  is  being  done  for  him.  In  the  experiments  just  de- 
scribed, S.,  for  example,  spoke  of  their  beneficial  effect  and  found 
much  comfort  in  an  assurance  of  his  improvement,  which  he 
knew  to  be  backed  up  by  data  obtained  in  the  laboratory.  In  a 
more  extended  series  of  experiments  made  by  one  of  us,  several 
other  patients  reported  their  belief  in  the  benefit  of  the  tests  to 
them. 

The  results  obtained  from  Ev.  and  from  S.  furnish  examples  of 
the  practical  nature  of  the  laboratory  methods.  While  Ev.  is  an 
elderly  man,  we  felt  that  the  two  hours'  walk  intervening  between 
his  series  of  experiments  might  not  be  excessive.  As  is  shown 
in  Table  IV  the  patient's  complaint  of  great  fatigue  was  not  en- 
tirely due  to  his  disinclination  to  taking  exercise.  The  data  ob- 
tained show  an  unmistakable  fatigue  effect.  In  the  case  of  S., 
a  comparatively  young  man,  there  was  a  consistent  abatement  of 
the  retardation  symptoms  after  the  two  hours'  exercise,  while  the 
same  amounts  of  rest  affected  either  only  slightly  or  not  at  all 


256  EXERCISE   IN    CONDITIONS   OF   DEPRESSION  [Oct. 

these  symptoms.  The  twenty-five  days  of  alternate  rest  and  ribra- 
tion  unmistakably  point  to  the  same  conclusion. 

Excluding  these  cases  in  whom  there  is  a  considerable  degree  of 
physical  depravity  incident  to  old  age,  somatic  complications,  or 
poor  nourishment,  we  believe  that  there  remains  a  large  class  of 
patients  whose  feeling  of  inadequacy,  retardation,  and  mental  de- 
pression are  indications  for  exercise,  both  passive  and  active.  The 
amounts  of  this  exercise,  we  think,  should  be  determined  for  the 
individual  cases  by  methods  more  accurate  than  the  usual  clinical 
observations. 


12480?) 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


s  f: 


APR  a  6  ^9W 

DEC  4    1947 
JAN  27  1948 

JAN  2  7195(1 


^ml 


1950 


JUiV  2  9  1950 
.  3  0  ™» 


Form  L-9-3om-8,'28 


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WIVBRBITY  of  CAUFORH*^ 

UQQ  ANGELES 
UBRARY 


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